HIV update 2014 was held in Seremban on 22nd May 2014.
1. As of 2011, there were approximately 34 million people
living with HIV infection in the world.
2. In 2011, the incidence of new HIV cases in Malaysia was
12.2 per 100000 people. The state of Johor had reported the greatest number of new cases that year.
3. Antiretroviral therapy should be started according to the
CD4 cell count or when there is “double trouble” (HIV infection plus another
condition). If we decide to start antiretroviral therapy based on the CD4 count, then for practical
purposes, in Malaysia, we start when the CD4 count is below 350 cells per cubic
mm. The ideal is probably to start when the count is below 500 cells per cubic
mm. Conditions that constitute double trouble include: HIV plus active
tuberculosis infection; HIV plus HBV infection; when an HIV patient has a
sexual partner who is not positive; when a woman with HIV is pregnant or
breastfeeding; when the patient with HIV is a child below 5 years of age.
4. A template for initiating antiretroviral therapy is:
Efavirenz plus Tenofovir plus Lamivudine or Efavirenz plus Tenofovir plus
Emtricitabine. Other combinations involving the cheaper drug zidovudine are
also possible. An important update is that Efavirenz is no longer considered
teratogenic now. Important points to remember are: Efavirenz causes CNS
toxicity and skin rashes.
5. The HIV viral load (HIV RNA count) is more important for
decision making than the CD4 count. This is because the CD4 count is subject to
variations caused by factors other than HIV infection.
6. The gold standard for the diagnosis of HIV used to be the
ELISA test (for detection of antibodies) and the Western Blot test (for
detection of antigens). Nowadays
different methods (rapid assay tests) are used to detect antibodies and
antigens.
7. One quarter of new deaths from HIV infection are due to
tuberculosis in the world. The WHO recommendation is to give co-trimoxazole
(Bactrim) for all patients who have both tuberculosis and advanced HIV infection
because co-trimoxazole protects against infections that such people with
advanced immunosuppression are also susceptible to. The drug should be given
for at least six months.
8. Diagnosing tuberculosis can be difficult when resources
to do so are not easily available. A useful aphorism to remember is: If
patients do not have all these 4 symptoms of cough, fever, night sweats and
loss of weight, they are unlikely to have tuberculosis. Conversely if they have
one or more of these symptoms, the diagnosis of tuberculosis should be
suspected and options to confirm or rule out the diagnosis should be explored.
9. It has been found that 57 percent of all people being
treated for tuberculosis develop hepatitis. In this regard, pyrazinamide and
isoniazid are more likely than rifampicin to be the cause of the hepatitis. Ethambutol
and Streptomycin are very unlikely to cause hepatitis.
10. When Efavirenz is used along with Ethambutol, the serum
levels of Efavirenz will decrease.
11. Efavirenz should be avoided in people prone to
depression.
12. When a patient on antiretroviral therapy develops
proteinuria or acute kidney injury, suspect Tenofovir induced damage to the
proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
13. When a patient on antiretroviral therapy develops
anemia, suspect zidovudine as a cause.
14. Failure of antiretroviral therapy can be defined thus:
Virological failure is said to be present when the viral load is more than 1000
copies per millilitre on 2 occasions, more than 3 months apart. Immunological
failure is said to be present when the CD4 count remains less than the baseline
(before treatment) or remains less than 100 cells per millilitre persistently.
Clinical failure is said to be present when a new illness due to
immunosuppression occurs after 6 months of treatment.
